Cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam rau lub neej ntawm cov yas
Mar 13, 2024| 1. Taw qhia
Yas yog cov khoom siv hluavtaws uas muaj ntau yam zoo xws li lub teeb yuag, ruaj khov, tsim tau yooj yim, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Vim yog cov yam ntxwv no, nws tau siv dav hauv ntau qhov chaw, suav nrog kev tsim khoom siv, ntim khoom, kev tsim kho, thiab khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais los ntawm Plastics Europe, lub ntiaj teb cov yas tsim tau nce mus txog 368 lab tons hauv 2022, ua kom nce 4% piv rau 2021. Nws tau cia siab tias cov khoom yas thoob ntiaj teb yuav loj hlob ntxiv rau xyoo tom ntej, nce mus txog 467 lab tons los ntawm 2030. .
Yas kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ua paug dej hiav txwv. Raws li kev kwv yees los ntawm United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), kwv yees li 8 lab tons ntawm cov yas xaus rau hauv dej hiav txwv txhua xyoo.
Txawm hais tias kev nthuav dav ntawm cov yas tau coj ntau yam txiaj ntsig rau tib neeg, nws kuj tau ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb ntawm ib puag ncig. Yas yog cov khoom uas tsis yog biodegradable, txhais tau tias nws tsis tuaj yeem tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom me me uas tuaj yeem nqus tau los ntawm ib puag ncig. Qhov no ua rau cov yas ntim hauv ib puag ncig, ua rau av, dej, thiab huab cua paug.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov yas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg. Thaum cov yas tawg, nws tso tawm cov tshuaj phem uas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov khoom noj thiab ua rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv.
Lub neej ntev ntawm cov yas hais txog lub sijhawm nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj loj. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam rau lub neej ntawm cov yas muaj xws li nws cov khoom xyaw, additives, ib puag ncig, thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm additives.
Kev siv cov khoom siv ntxiv yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem los daws cov teeb meem cuam tshuam txog kev ua neej ntawm cov yas. Los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv tsim nyog, lub neej ntev ntawm cov yas tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo, pab txo qhov cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm cov yas. Tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau nquag tshawb nrhiav cov khoom siv tshiab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua los txhim kho lub neej ntev ntawm cov yas thiab txo nws cov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig.
2. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov yas thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv
Yas yog cov khoom siv hluavtaws tsim los ntawm cov molecules loj hu ua polymers. Polymers yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas me me, hu ua monomers, los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj.
Muaj ntau ntau hom plastics, txhua tus muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv thiab kev siv categorized raws li hom monomer siv hauv lawv cov creation. Kev sib txawv ntawm plastics tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qee hom plastics muaj xws li:
-Polyethylene (PE): PE yog cov yas siv dav tshaj plaws, siv ntau yam xws li ntim khoom, kav dej, thiab khoom siv hauv tsev.
-Polypropylene (PP): PP yog cov yas khov thiab ruaj khov siv hauv cov ntawv thov xws li cov khoom ua si, hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom siv tsheb.
-Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): PVC yog cov yas hloov tau ua haujlwm hauv ntau hom kev siv, suav nrog cov kav dej, hluav taws xob cables, thiab khoom siv hauv tsev.
-Polystyrene (PS): PS yog lub teeb yuag thiab pheej yig yas siv rau hauv kev siv xws li ntim khoom, khoom ua si, thiab rooj tog zaum.
-Polycarbonate (PC): PC yog cov yas tawv thiab ruaj khov siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov xws li lub tsheb cua, lub tshuab computer, thiab cov khoom ua si.
Ntxiv nrog rau monomers, plastics kuj tseem muaj cov additives. Cov additives tau muab tso rau hauv cov yas los txhim kho nws cov khoom. Cov additives tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov ua haujlwm ntev, ruaj khov, thiab degradation tsis kam ntawm cov yas hauv ntau txoj hauv kev.
Piv txwv li, stabilizers tuaj yeem tiv thaiv PE los ntawm fading thiab ua nkig nyob rau hauv tshav ntuj. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog rau lub zog ntawm PP, ua rau nws tsis tshua muaj kev tawg. Cov nplaim hluav taws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv PVC los ntawm hluav taws. Corrosion inhibitors tuaj yeem tiv thaiv PTFE los ntawm cov tshuaj corrosion.
Nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb, los ntawm kev xaiv cov yas tsim nyog thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv, nws muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau lub neej ntawm cov yas.
3. Ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob
Ib puag ncig ib puag ncig yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas cuam tshuam rau lub neej ntawm cov yas. Ib puag ncig yam uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov yas muaj xws li:
Kev ua haujlwm microbial thiab additives
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm microbial yog qhov tseem ceeb ua rau cov yas degradation. Cov kab mob tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov yas los ntawm kev tsim cov enzymes uas rhuav tshem cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv cov khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv ntxiv tau muab tso rau hauv cov yas los txhim kho nws cov khoom kuj tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau microbial degradation.
Cov kab mob tuaj yeem decompose ntau hom yas, xws li PVC, PE, PP, PS, thiab lwm yam. Cov yas uas muaj cov qauv molecular yooj yim yog feem ntau ua rau microbial degradation ntau dua li cov qauv molecular complex. Txhawm rau txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub neej ntawm cov yas, siv cov yas nrog cov kab mob microbial siab lossis ntxiv cov tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem ua tau zoo.
Tshuaj decomposition thiab additives
Tshuaj degradation yog cov txheej txheem uas cov yas molecules tawg mus rau hauv me me molecules nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig yam xws li kub, lub teeb, thiab oxygen. Additives ntxiv rau cov yas los txhim kho nws cov khoom kuj tseem yuav raug tshuaj lom neeg degradation.
Tshuaj degradation tuaj yeem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si ntuj thiab dag ib puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj, tshuaj degradation ntawm cov yas feem ntau tshwm sim qeeb dua nyob rau hauv cov khoom tsim. Txhawm rau txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj degradation ntawm lub neej ntawm cov yas, siv cov yas uas muaj tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog thiab khaws cov yas hauv qhov chaw txias kom deb ntawm tshav ntuj tuaj yeem ua tau zoo.
Kev nkag siab thiab tswj hwm cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev xaiv cov yas thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv uas tuaj yeem tiv taus cov kab mob microbial thiab tshuaj degradation, yog li ncua lub neej tag nrho ntawm cov khoom yas.
4. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv
Yas additives yog cov khoom siv rau hauv cov yas thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom los txhim kho nws cov khoom, xws li lub zog, hardness, yooj, thiab corrosion kuj. Additives tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub neej ntawm cov yas hauv ob txoj hauv kev:
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov tshuaj ntxiv uas tuaj yeem txo qis lossis ua kom cov tshuaj decomposition
Ib co additives pab txo cov tshuaj degradation ntawm yas, xws li antioxidants thiab kub stabilizers. Cov tshuaj no ua los ntawm kev tiv thaiv oxidation lossis thermal degradation txheej txheem ntawm cov yas. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qee yam khoom ntxiv, xws li cov yas yas thiab cov khoom muag muag, tuaj yeem ua kom cov txheej txheem tshuaj degradation los ntawm kev ua kom cov qauv ntawm cov yas tsis muaj zog, ua rau nws muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv hauv kev tiv thaiv cov yas los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj sab nraud
Cov tshuaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas ua rau txo cov kav ntev thiab cov yas degradation. Cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm corrode thiab cuam tshuam cov qauv ntawm cov yas, ua rau nws nkig thiab yooj yim rau kev tawg. Cov khoom siv ntxiv tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv ntawm cov yas. Cov txheej no tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov tshuaj los ntawm kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog cov yas, tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev phom sij ntawm cov tshuaj.
Muaj ntau hom tshuaj ntxiv uas tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv cov yas los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg sab nraud. Qee cov tshuaj additives muaj xws li:
-Corrosion inhibitors: Ntxiv los tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm yas los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej tiv thaiv ntawm nws qhov chaw.
-Chemical resistance agents: Ntxiv los tiv thaiv cov tshuaj los ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov qauv ntawm cov yas los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv.
-Stiffening agents: Ntxiv rau qhov ua kom tawv tawv ntawm cov yas, txhim kho nws cov kev tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj lom neeg.
-Plasticizers: Ntxiv rau qhov ua kom yooj yim ntawm cov yas, txhim kho nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab.
5. Cov lus xaus
Lub neej ntev ntawm cov yas nyob ntawm ntau yam, nrog rau cov khoom siv ntxiv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Cov tshuaj ntxiv pab txo qis lossis ua kom cov txheej txheem tshuaj degradation thiab tseem pab tiv thaiv cov yas los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj sab nraud. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lawv tuaj yeem txhim kho lub cev, tshuaj, tshuaj tiv thaiv corrosion, hluav taws kub, UV tsis kam, thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm cov yas, ua rau lub neej ntev ntawm cov khoom.